Šį pavasarį Žemės ūkio ministerijos užsakymu Lietuvos agrarinių ir miškų mokslų centro (LAMMC) Žemdirbystės instituto Agrocheminių tyrimų laboratorija vėl atliko mineralinio azoto ir mineralinės sieros stebėseną šalies dirvožemiuose. Žemdirbiai nekantriai laukė atsakymo, kiek mineralinio azoto po šiltos ir be įšalo žiemos liko šį pavasarį.
Daugiamečiai dirvožemio agrocheminių savybių stebėjimo tyrimai parodė, kad mineralinio azoto (Nmin) dirvožemyje yra mažai beveik visoje šalies teritorijoje. Kiek daugiau (Nmin) rasta žiemkenčių ir žieminių rapsų plotose. Vidutiniai ar didesni kiekiai nustatyti tik Vakarų Žemaitijos plynaukštėje – dalyje Skuodo, Kretingos, Klaipėdos savivaldybėse esančių plotų bei Vidurio Lietuvos ir Nemuno žemumų – Šakių, Jurbarko, Radviliškio, Šiaulių, Akmenės savivaldybių teritorijose.
Šį pavasarį šalies žemės ūkio naudmenose 0–60 cm dirvožemio sluoksnyje mineralinio azoto vidutiniškai nustatyta 39,7 kg/ha, tuo tarpu praėjusių metų rudenį, lapkričio pradžioje, jo buvo 53,5 kg/ha. Tai rodo, kad per žiemą mineralinio azoto atsargos vidutiniškai sumažėjo net 26 proc., o ten kur jo rudenį buvo daug – dar daugiau. Vertinant mineralinio azoto atsargas pagal dirvožemio sluoksnius, 0–30 cm jo vidutiniškai nustatyta 25,4 kg/ha, 30–60 cm – 15,6 kg/ha, o 60–90 cm sluoksnyje – 14,8 kg/ha.
Nitratinio azoto, kuris yra didžioji mineralinio azoto sudedamoji dalis, šį pavasarį 0–60 cm dirvožemio sluoksnyje vidutiniškai rasta 27,3 kg/ha (69 proc. viso mineralinio azoto kiekio). Tai gerokai mažiau nei ankstesniais metais, kai jis sudarydavo 75–87 proc. viso Nmin kiekio. Todėl gilesniuose dirvožemio sluoksniuose Nmin buvo mažiau nei viršutiniame – tai tik patvirtina faktą, kad nitratinis azotas išsiplovė giliai į podirvį.
Rytų Lietuvoje net 69,1 proc. visų tirtų aikštelių dirvožemyje Nmin rasta labai mažai (mažiau 35 kg/ha), o turinčių jo labai daug (daugiau 105 kg/ha) – iš viso nerasta! Vakarų ir Vidurio Lietuvoje labai mažai mineralinio azoto turinčių aikštelių skaičius atitinkamai sudarė 47,5 ir 33,7 proc. Kaip ir ankstesniais metais, vidutiniškai šalyje 0–60 cm sluoksnyje daugiau Nmin nustatyta po buvusių žiemkenčių ir žieminių rapsų pasėlių – atitinkamai 41,2 ir 43,3 kg/ha, po buvusių kaupiamųjų augalų – 48,9 kg/ha. Mažiausiai Nmin rasta daugiamečių žolių pasėliuose – 32,8 ir po buvusių vasarojų – 41,0 kg/ha.
Visa tai rodo, kad mineralinio azoto dirvožemyje šį pavasarį yra labai nedaug, todėl peržiemojusiems žiemkenčiams ir žieminiams rapsams skubus bei neatidėliotinas tręšimas azotu yra būtinas. Azoto trąšų normos, palyginti su įprastinėmis vidutinėmis šį pavasarį, turėtų būti didesnės. Intensyvios gamybos ūkiuose ir ten, kur žemės našumo balas yra didesnis nei 40, azoto trąšų normą tikslinga didinti 30–40 kg/ha, mažesnio našumo žemėse ir mažesnio gamybos intensyvumo ūkiuose – 20–30 kg/ha. Padidintą azoto trąšų normą reikėtų įterpti su pirmuoju ar antruoju pavasariniu tręšimu. Azoto trąšų normą reikėtų didinti lauko ir daržo augalams, daugiametėms žolėms. Dirvožemio organinės medžiagos mineralizacijos intensyvumas ir augalų įsavinamų azoto atsargų padidėjimas priklausys nuo tolimesnės pavasario eigos. Esant palankioms sąlygoms, jų gali padidėti ir tuomet dar neįterptas papildomam tręšimui numatytas azoto trąšas bus galima pataupyti.
Azoto pasisavinimui ženklios įtakos turi siera. Atlikti mineralinės sieros tyrimai parodė, kad šį pavasarį mineralinės sieros kiekiai 0–60 cm sluoksnyje yra maži arba vidutiniai. Rytų Lietuvoje jos nustatyta 21,6, Vakarų – 22,8, Vidurio – 32,7 kg/ha, o vidutiniškai šalyje – 26,8 kg/ha. Pagal gylį mineralinė siera dirvožemyje pasiskirstė taip: 0–30 cm sluoksnyje – 11,8, 30–60 cm – 15,0, 60–90 cm – 16,5 kg/ha. Todėl gilesniuose dirvožemio sluoksniuose mineralinės sieros nustatyta daugiau. Žieminiams rapsams ir žiemkenčiams pirmasis pavasarinis tręšimas azotu yra svarbesnis, o sieros galima duoti su sekančiu tręšimu, naudojant amonio sulfatą.
Rekomenduojamos sieros trąšų normos rapsams yra 20–40 kg/ha, javams – 10–20 kg/ha. Jei nėra galimybės sieros trąšų įterpti su pagrindiniu ar papildomu tręšimu, tuomet augalus galima nupurkšti sieros trąšomis per lapus.
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