Europos Parlamentas priėmė Migracijos ir prieglobsčio paktą, kuriuo siekiama efektyviau valdyti migraciją Europos Sąjungoje (ES). Po 8 metus trukusių derybų šalys sutarė dėl veiksmingos prieglobsčio procedūros, naujo solidarumo mechanizmo, supaprastintos grąžinimo tvarkos ir kitų elementų. Į Paktą įtrauktos ir Lietuvai aktualios ES lygmens atsako priemonės į migracijos instrumentalizavimą.
„2021 m. patyrėme Lukašenkos režimo organizuotą neteisėtų migrantų antplūdį ir iki šiol sustiprintai saugome išorinę ES ir Šengeno sieną. Ši patirtis parodė, kad patvari, efektyvi, piktnaudžiavimui atspari migracijos valdymo sistema yra būtina, norint efektyviau tvarkytis su galimomis krizėmis ateityje. Mūsų svarbiausias pasiekimas – ES teisėje įtvirtintas aiškus instrumentalizavimo apibrėžimas ir pasiektas sutarimas dėl ES lygmens atsako priemonių“, – teigia vidaus reikalų ministrė Agnė Bilotaitė.
Lietuva nuo pat derybų pradžios pasisakė dėl privalomos, veiksmingos pasienio procedūros. Pakte įtvirtinta, jog esant instrumentalizavimui, visi neteisėtai atvykę asmenys galės būti nukreipti į pasienio prieglobsčio procedūrą ir kol ji vykdoma bus laikomi neįleistais į šalį.
Vertinant, ar yra instrumentalizavimo situacija, Europos Komisija turės atsižvelgti ne tik į neteisėtų migrantų kiekį, bet ir neteisėtų kirtimų pobūdį, pvz., paskatintą ir palengvintą priešiško režimo.
Pakte įtvirtintas ir naujas solidarumo mechanizmas. Solidarumo priemonės bus trejopos – perkėlimai, finansiniai įnašai, kt. solidarumo priemonės, pavyzdžiui, ekspertinė operatyvinė pagalba. Šios priemonės bus laisvai pasirenkamos valstybių narių ir galės būti derinamos tarpusavyje. Siūlymus dėl solidarumo formų ir dydžio teiks Komisija, atsižvelgdama į reglamente nustatytus minimalius dydžius ir įvertinusi esamą migracinę padėtį. Galutinį sprendimą dėl solidarumo apimties ir dydžių priims Taryba.
Minimalus nustatytas ES metinis perkėlimų skaičius – 30 000 asmenų, o minimalus finansinis įnašas – 600 mln. eurų. Kiekvienos valstybės narės solidarumo dalis apskaičiuojama atsižvelgiant į gyventojų skaičių ir BVP dydį. Lietuvai tenkanti dalis būtų 158 perkeliami asmenys arba 3,16 mln. eurų, taip pat esant poreikiui galėtų būti teikiama ekspertinės pagalba migracijos spaudimą patiriančioms šalims.
Dabar prasideda 2 metų laikotarpis, per kurį valstybės narės, Komisija, ES agentūros turi pasiruošti Pakto įgyvendinimui. Lietuvoje iš septynių ministerijų ir kitų institucijų atstovų bus sudaryta darbo grupė, kuri nacionaliniu lygiu įvertins esamą infrastruktūrą, prieigą prie reikiamų duomenų bazių, žmogiškuosius resursus, peržiūrės ir adaptuos migracijos ir prieglobsčio valdymo procedūras.
Europos Vadovų Taryba Pakto įgyvendinimui skyrė 2 mlrd. eurų. ES lėšos bus paskirstytos pagal valstybių narių poreikius, atsižvelgiant į šalių specifiką ir kylančius iššūkius. Prasidėjusiose diskusijose dėl Pakto įgyvendinimo Europos Komisija pažymi, kad nacionalinėms įgyvendinimo priemonėms turės būti numatytos lėšos ne tik iš ES fondų, bet ir iš nacionalinių biudžetų.
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