Skolininkai Socialinės apsaugos ir darbo ministerija (SADM) siūlo mažinti skolų išskaitas iš darbo užmokesčio, diferencijuoti išskaitymo tarifus, kad nedirbantys skolininkai galėtų grįžti į darbo rinką, o jų kreditoriams atsirastų galimybė atgauti skolas. Antstolių informacinės sistemos (AIS) duomenimis, 2023 m. balandžio mėnesį Lietuvoje iš viso buvo beveik 207 tūkst. antstoliams perduotų skolininkų. Jų įsiskolinimai įvairiems kreditoriams viršijo 4 mlrd. eurų ir siekė 6 proc. šalies BVP. Dauguma skolininkų (apie 70 proc.) neturi pajamų arba patenka tarp mažiausiai uždirbančių. Nacionalinio skurdo mažinimo tinklo apklausa rodo, jog skolininkus oficialiai dirbti demotyvuoja dideli atskaitymai iš darbo užmokesčio.
„Esama skolų išieškojimo tvarka nėra efektyvi, priešingai – problema tik gilėja. Išskaitų iš darbo užmokesčio dydžiai neatitinka skolininkų finansinių galimybių susimokėti. Tai skatina skolininkus slėpti pajamas, dirbti nelegaliai. Auga nedarbas ir šešėlinė rinka, skurdas ir socialinė atskirtis, didėja valstybės ir savivaldybių išlaidos socialinei paramai. Nukenčia ir patys kreditoriai, nes dauguma skolininkų nedirba. Todėl nėra iš ko skolas išskaityti. Atitinkamai, dideli skolų išieškojimo tarifai tik mažina galimybę susigrąžinti skolas. Ministerijos siūlymas padėtų efektyviai spręsti šią daugialypę problemą“, – sako Rokas Keršys Socialinės apsaugos ir darbo ministerijos projektų vadovas, „Kurk Lietuvai“ programos dalyvis.
Ministerijos siūlymas
Socialinės apsaugos ir darbo ministerija siūlo sudaryti daugiau paskatų nedirbantiems skolininkams grįžti į formalią darbo rinką, o jau dirbantiems – padidinti pajamas. Vienas iš būdų to pasiekti – išskaitų iš darbo užmokesčio mažinimas ir smulkesnis išskaitymo tarifų diferencijavimas.
Šiuo metu iš minimalaus mėnesinio atlyginimo (MMA) antstolis gali išskaičiuoti 20 proc., o turint daugiau nei vieną skolą – 30 proc. pajamų. Iš pajamų, viršijančių MMA, išskaičiuojama 50 proc. SADM siūlo taikyti progresinį tarifų laiptavimą, taip priartinant reguliavimą prie kaimyninių šalių praktikų – iš MMA išskaičiuojant tik 10 proc. Tai skolų naštą labiausiai palengvintų didžiausiai skolininkų grupei – mažiausiai uždirbantiems ir neuždirbantiems. Atitinkamai, kreditoriams atsirastų galimybė atgauti skolas.
Tuo tarpu Lenkijoje, Estijoje ir Latvijoje skolininkui yra paliekamas MMA t.y. iš MMA neišskaitomos skolos. Išimtis taikoma tik alimentams, baudoms ir išieškojimas už žmogaus sužalojimą.
Esama situacija
Antstolių informacinės sistemos 2023 m. balandžio mėn. duomenis, iš viso Lietuvoje buvo apie 207 tūkst. antstoliams perduotų aktyvių skolininkų. Jiems buvo iškelta 1,35 mln. bylų, kurių skolų suma siekė virš 4 mlrd. eurų. Tai atitinka 6 % šalies bendrojo vidaus produkto.
Dauguma skolininkų (apie 70 proc.) neturi pajamų. Jiems priklauso ir dauguma skolų bylų (75 proc.), kurių išieškotina suma 1,9 mlrd. eurų. VDA skaičiavimais, 2023 m. vasario mėnesį gavusių pajamas asmenų sukaupta skola siekė 1,2 mlrd. eurų arba apie 30 proc. bendros sumos. Iš jų, 721 mln. eurų skola yra tų, kurių pajamos buvo mažesnės arba lygios MMA (apie 10 proc. visų skolininkų), o 519,5 mln. eurų skola tų, kurių pajamos buvo didesnės, nei MMA. Duomenų analizė rodo, jog skolininkų pajamos yra per žemos, kad galėtų padengti skolas.
Nacionalinio skurdo mažinimo tinklo atlikta apklausa rodo, jog skolininkus oficialiai dirbti demotyvuoja dideli atskaitymai iš algos, todėl “labiau apsimoka pragyventi iš nelegalaus darbo ar socialinių pašalpų“, – taip atsakė 75 proc. apklaustų respondentų.
Skolų išieškojimas stringa, nes skolininkai neturi oficialių pajamų. Antstoliai per 2022 m. išieškojo tik 4,2 proc. (225 mln. eurų) bendros skolų bylų sumos (5,4 mlrd. Eurų). Nuo 2021 m. bendra deklaruota skolų bylų suma išaugo net 600 mln. eurų. Tačiau antstolių išieškota suma augo 10 kartų mažiau – išieškota vos 59 mln. eurų daugiau nei 2021 m.
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